What is primarily responsible for exercise-induced muscle cramps?

Exercise-induced muscle cramps are predominantly linked to muscle fatigue. When muscles undergo prolonged or intense physical activity, they can become fatigued, leading to a disruption in the normal functioning of muscle fibers and leading to involuntary contractions or spasms—commonly referred to as cramps. This fatigue can result from an accumulation of metabolic by-products, such as lactic acid, or from the depletion of energy reserves within the muscle cells.

While dehydration, low electrolyte levels, and inadequate warm-up can all contribute to the risk of cramping, they are often considered secondary factors rather than primary causes. Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances do play a role in muscle function and performance, but the initial cause of the muscle spasm generally originates from the muscle's inability to sustain contraction due to fatigue. Therefore, recognizing muscle fatigue as a primary factor helps in understanding the physiological responses during intense exercise and can inform coaching strategies to mitigate the risk of cramps in athletes.