Which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones responsible for facilitating movement and supporting the weight of the body while providing the framework for the limbs. This includes the bones of the limbs (arms and legs) as well as the bones that connect those limbs to the axial skeleton, which consists of the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage.

The bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton include the shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle) for the upper limbs and the pelvic girdle (hips) for the lower limbs. This design allows for a wide range of motion and is critical for daily activities and athletic performance.

The other options listed do not represent the appendicular skeleton as they either pertain solely to the axial skeleton or do not include the necessary limb and girdle components. The skull and ribs are part of the axial skeleton, as are the spine and sternum, while the pelvis is part of the appendicular skeleton but the vertebrae are not. Thus, understanding that the appendicular skeleton involves both limbs and their connecting structures is crucial for comprehending human skeletal anatomy in the context of movement and functionality in running and other activities.